跳到内容

简单的 OAuth2(密码和 Bearer 令牌)

现在,让我们在上一章的基础上构建,并添加缺失的部分,以实现一个完整的安全流程。

获取 usernamepassword

我们将使用 FastAPI 的安全工具来获取 usernamepassword

OAuth2 规范指出,在使用“密码流”(我们正在使用)时,客户端/用户必须以表单数据的形式发送 usernamepassword 字段。

规范要求这些字段必须以此命名。因此,使用 user-nameemail 是行不通的。

但别担心,你可以在前端按照你喜欢的方式向最终用户展示这些字段。

你的数据库模型也可以使用任何你想要的名称。

但在登录的路径操作(path operation)中,我们需要使用这些特定的名称以符合规范(从而能够使用集成的 API 文档系统)。

该规范还指出,usernamepassword 必须以表单数据的形式发送(即这里不能用 JSON)。

scope

规范还提到,客户端可以发送另一个表单字段“scope”。

该表单字段名称为 scope(单数形式),但它实际上是一个由空格分隔的多个“作用域(scopes)”组成的长字符串。

每个“scope”只是一个字符串(不包含空格)。

它们通常用于声明特定的安全权限,例如:

  • users:readusers:write 是常见的示例。
  • instagram_basic 被 Facebook / Instagram 使用。
  • https://www.googleapis.com/auth/drive 被 Google 使用。

注意

在 OAuth2 中,“scope”只是一个声明所需特定权限的字符串。

它是否包含像 : 这样的字符,或者它是否是一个 URL,都不重要。

这些细节取决于具体实现。

对于 OAuth2 而言,它们仅仅是字符串。

获取 usernamepassword 的代码

现在让我们使用 FastAPI 提供的工具来处理它。

OAuth2PasswordRequestForm

首先,导入 OAuth2PasswordRequestForm,并在 /token路径操作中通过 Depends 将其作为依赖项使用。

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)],
):
    return current_user
🤓 其他版本和变体

提示

如果可能,请优先使用 Annotated 版本。

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user

OAuth2PasswordRequestForm 是一个类依赖项,它声明了一个包含以下内容的表单体:

  • username
  • password
  • 一个可选的 scope 字段,作为由空格分隔的字符串组成的长字符串。
  • 一个可选的 grant_type

提示

OAuth2 规范实际上要求 grant_type 字段的值必须固定为 password,但 OAuth2PasswordRequestForm 并不会强制校验它。

如果你需要强制校验,请使用 OAuth2PasswordRequestFormStrict 而不是 OAuth2PasswordRequestForm

  • 一个可选的 client_id(在本例中我们不需要)。
  • 一个可选的 client_secret(在本例中我们不需要)。

注意

OAuth2PasswordBearer 不同,OAuth2PasswordRequestFormFastAPI 而言并不是一个特殊类。

OAuth2PasswordBearer 告知 FastAPI 这是一个安全方案,因此它会被添加到 OpenAPI 中。

OAuth2PasswordRequestForm 只是一个你可以自己编写的类依赖项,或者你也可以直接声明 Form 参数。

但由于这是一个常见用例,FastAPI 直接提供了它,以简化开发。

使用表单数据

提示

依赖类 OAuth2PasswordRequestForm 的实例不会有一个包含空格分隔长字符串的 scope 属性,取而代之的是,它拥有一个 scopes 属性,其中包含了每个发送的作用域组成的字符串列表。

虽然本例中我们未使用 scopes,但如果需要,该功能已准备就绪。

现在,使用表单字段中的 username 从(模拟的)数据库中获取用户数据。

如果不存在该用户,我们将返回一个“用户名或密码错误”的错误信息。

对于错误处理,我们使用 HTTPException 异常。

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)],
):
    return current_user
🤓 其他版本和变体

提示

如果可能,请优先使用 Annotated 版本。

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user

校验密码

此时我们已从数据库中获取了用户数据,但尚未校验密码。

让我们先将这些数据放入 Pydantic UserInDB 模型中。

你不应该存储明文密码,因此我们将使用(模拟的)密码哈希系统。

如果密码不匹配,我们返回同样的错误。

密码哈希

“哈希(Hashing)”是指:将某些内容(本例中为密码)转换为看起来像乱码的字节序列(即字符串)。

每当你传入完全相同的内容(完全相同的密码)时,你都会得到完全相同的乱码。

但是,你无法从这些乱码反向推导回原始密码。

为什么要使用密码哈希

如果你的数据库被盗,窃贼无法获取用户的明文密码,只能得到哈希值。

因此,窃贼无法尝试在其他系统中使用这些密码(因为许多用户在到处都使用相同的密码,这非常危险)。

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)],
):
    return current_user
🤓 其他版本和变体

提示

如果可能,请优先使用 Annotated 版本。

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user

关于 **user_dict

UserInDB(**user_dict) 意味着:

user_dict 的键值对直接作为关键字参数传入,等同于:

UserInDB(
    username = user_dict["username"],
    email = user_dict["email"],
    full_name = user_dict["full_name"],
    disabled = user_dict["disabled"],
    hashed_password = user_dict["hashed_password"],
)

注意

关于 **user_dict 的更完整解释,请查阅 额外模型(Extra Models)文档

返回令牌

token 端点的响应必须是一个 JSON 对象。

它应该包含一个 token_type。在本例中,由于我们使用的是“Bearer”令牌,令牌类型应为“bearer”。

它还应该包含一个 access_token,其值为包含我们访问令牌的字符串。

对于这个简单的示例,我们完全不考虑安全性,直接返回 username 作为令牌。

提示

在下一章中,你将看到一个真正的安全实现,包含密码哈希和 JWT 令牌。

但现在,让我们专注于我们需要关注的具体细节。

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)],
):
    return current_user
🤓 其他版本和变体

提示

如果可能,请优先使用 Annotated 版本。

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user

提示

根据规范,你应该返回一个包含 access_tokentoken_type 的 JSON,与本示例相同。

这是你必须在代码中亲自实现的部分,请确保使用了这些 JSON 键。

为了符合规范,这是你几乎唯一需要记住手动正确处理的事情。

对于其余部分,FastAPI 都会为你处理。

更新依赖项

现在我们将更新我们的依赖项。

我们希望在用户处于活跃状态时获取 current_user

因此,我们创建了一个额外的依赖项 get_current_active_user,它反过来使用 get_current_user 作为依赖项。

这两个依赖项在用户不存在或处于非活跃状态时都会返回 HTTP 错误。

因此,在我们的端点中,只有当用户存在、经过正确身份验证且处于活跃状态时,我们才能获取到用户。

from typing import Annotated

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: Annotated[str, Depends(oauth2_scheme)]):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_user)],
):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: Annotated[OAuth2PasswordRequestForm, Depends()]):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(
    current_user: Annotated[User, Depends(get_current_active_user)],
):
    return current_user
🤓 其他版本和变体

提示

如果可能,请优先使用 Annotated 版本。

from fastapi import Depends, FastAPI, HTTPException, status
from fastapi.security import OAuth2PasswordBearer, OAuth2PasswordRequestForm
from pydantic import BaseModel

fake_users_db = {
    "johndoe": {
        "username": "johndoe",
        "full_name": "John Doe",
        "email": "johndoe@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret",
        "disabled": False,
    },
    "alice": {
        "username": "alice",
        "full_name": "Alice Wonderson",
        "email": "alice@example.com",
        "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret2",
        "disabled": True,
    },
}

app = FastAPI()


def fake_hash_password(password: str):
    return "fakehashed" + password


oauth2_scheme = OAuth2PasswordBearer(tokenUrl="token")


class User(BaseModel):
    username: str
    email: str | None = None
    full_name: str | None = None
    disabled: bool | None = None


class UserInDB(User):
    hashed_password: str


def get_user(db, username: str):
    if username in db:
        user_dict = db[username]
        return UserInDB(**user_dict)


def fake_decode_token(token):
    # This doesn't provide any security at all
    # Check the next version
    user = get_user(fake_users_db, token)
    return user


async def get_current_user(token: str = Depends(oauth2_scheme)):
    user = fake_decode_token(token)
    if not user:
        raise HTTPException(
            status_code=status.HTTP_401_UNAUTHORIZED,
            detail="Not authenticated",
            headers={"WWW-Authenticate": "Bearer"},
        )
    return user


async def get_current_active_user(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_user)):
    if current_user.disabled:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Inactive user")
    return current_user


@app.post("/token")
async def login(form_data: OAuth2PasswordRequestForm = Depends()):
    user_dict = fake_users_db.get(form_data.username)
    if not user_dict:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")
    user = UserInDB(**user_dict)
    hashed_password = fake_hash_password(form_data.password)
    if not hashed_password == user.hashed_password:
        raise HTTPException(status_code=400, detail="Incorrect username or password")

    return {"access_token": user.username, "token_type": "bearer"}


@app.get("/users/me")
async def read_users_me(current_user: User = Depends(get_current_active_user)):
    return current_user

注意

我们在这里返回的带有 Bearer 值的额外 WWW-Authenticate 头部也是规范的一部分。

任何 401 “UNAUTHORIZED” HTTP(错误)状态码都应该返回一个 WWW-Authenticate 头部。

对于 Bearer 令牌(我们的情况),该头部的值应该是 Bearer

实际上,你可以跳过这个额外的头部,它依然可以工作。

但这里提供它是为了符合规范。

此外,可能存在某些工具会预期并使用它(现在或将来),这对你或你的用户而言可能会有所助益。

这就是标准带来的益处……

运行示例

打开交互式文档:http://127.0.0.1:8000/docs

身份验证

点击“Authorize”按钮。

使用凭据:

用户:johndoe

密码:secret

在系统中进行身份验证后,你将看到如下内容:

获取用户数据

现在使用路径为 /users/meGET 操作。

你将获得如下用户数据:

{
  "username": "johndoe",
  "email": "johndoe@example.com",
  "full_name": "John Doe",
  "disabled": false,
  "hashed_password": "fakehashedsecret"
}

如果你点击锁图标并注销,然后再次尝试相同的操作,你将收到一个 HTTP 401 错误:

{
  "detail": "Not authenticated"
}

非活跃用户

现在尝试使用非活跃用户进行身份验证:

用户:alice

密码:secret2

然后尝试使用路径为 /users/meGET 操作。

你将收到一个“Inactive user”错误,如下所示:

{
  "detail": "Inactive user"
}

回顾

你现在已经拥有了为你的 API 实现基于 usernamepassword 的完整安全系统的工具。

使用这些工具,你可以使安全系统兼容任何数据库以及任何用户或数据模型。

唯一缺少的是它目前还不算真正“安全”。

在下一章中,你将看到如何使用安全的密码哈希库和 JWT 令牌。